- Fan.
- Open a window.
- Reduce room crowding.
- Establish a clear sight line to windows and doors for patient.
- For patients with normal or near-normal mental status, consider relaxation techniques.
- Address psychological and spiritual distress.
- There is a high strength of evidence that Neuro-electrical muscle stimulation (NMES), and chest wall vibration (CWV) can relieve breathlessness.
Supplemental oxygen has not shown to be effective in end-of-life patients who are NOT hypoxic. Helium-enriched air has been used with some success in this population.